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1	Biology	ABS-257
Geographic Information System for Distribution of Sea Urchin (Echinoidea) in Indonesia Widia Prihastuti(a), Tina Safaria Nilawati(a*), Wahyu Surakusumah(a) a) Departemen Pendidikan Biologi, FPMIPA, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Jl. Dr Setiabudhi No. 229, Bandung, Indonesia, 40154. *nilawati.ts[at]gmail.com Abstract Indonesia has a lot of potential resources in the maritime sector. One of them is the fauna of the phylum Echinoderms. Sea urchins (Echinoidea) are members of the phylum Echinoderms with a wide distribution and are found in the intertidal zone to the deep sea. Sea urchins have an important role in coral reef ecosystems and have high economic value. Sea urchin resources need to be utilized and managed properly. Information on the distribution of sea urchins is needed in the utilization and management of sea urchin resources. To provide information about the distribution of sea urchin resources, a map of the distribution of these resources is needed. This study aims to determine the distribution of sea urchins in Indonesian waters using a geographic information system (GIS). The method used is a descriptive method by providing an overview of the distribution of sea urchins in Indonesia based on secondary data displayed in the form of a map. The results showed that there were 36 types of sea urchins consisting of 8 orders, 11 families, 22 genera, and 36 species. The Diadematidae family is the most commonly found in Indonesian waters. Sea urchins from this family were found at 63 points out of 69 points recorded. The areas with the highest diversity of sea urchins are Likupang Beach in North Minahasa Regency and Merta Segara Beach in Denpasar City which has 9 species. The distribution of sea urchins is influenced by the type of substrate, temperature, pH, and salinity. Several sea urchin management strategies that can be implemented include: building sea urchin hatchery, monitoring species, habitat, and status periodically, floating net cages, and enforcing limitations in sea urchin harvesting. Keywords: Distribution, Sea urchin, Echinodermata, Geographic information system. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Widia prihastuti)

2	Biology	ABS-53
Use of Betalain Dyes Beetroot Extract (Beta vulgaris L.) as Alternative Dyes Safranin Substitute In Bacteria Simple Stain Anita Oktari (a*), Haidir Syafrullah (b), Nizar Khairumi (a) a) Department of Medical Analyst, School of Analyst Bakti Asih, Bandung, Indonesia *nio80zahra[at]gmail.com b) Health Science School of Dharma Husada, Bandung, Indonesia Abstract Bit is a plant that has many benefits for health, is also beneficial if applied in the field of coloring mikrobiologi. The purpose of this research was to determine the root beet (Beta vulgaris L.) extract can be used as an alternative to the dye safranin on simple coloring in coloring Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Experimental research has been done by way of beet extraction using ethanol by maceration for 24 hours. Then the extract was concentrated using a rotary vacuum evavorator, then test for staining bacteria at a concentration of 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 12.5%. Observed using a microscope magnification 1000 times and the results were analyzed using statistical tests. Based on statistical test of Mann-Whitney to simple staining with a solution of beet extract at concentrations of 10% and 12.5% had a p-value> 0.005 which is 1.000 for both types of bacteria, meaning that no significant difference compared with 0.25% safranin as a control. Thus, the dye betalain beet extract concentrations of 10% and 12.5% can be used as an alternative to the dye safranin on simple coloring in coloring S. typhi and S. epidermidis because it produces the same color contrast control solution safranin 0.25 %. For further research is recommended to use other solvents and used the dried extract that can be longer stored. Keywords: Bulbs bits, extract, tinting simple, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus epidermidis Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Anita Oktari)

3	Biology	ABS-70
Plankton biodiversity and freshwater ecosystem feasibility as a learning resource: Situ Bagendit Hertien Koosbandiah Surtikanti* and Ryan Kurniawan Syahinsyah Departemen Pendidikan Biologi, Program Studi Biologi, FPMIPA Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. Abstract Understanding of biodiversity and the feasibility of Biology is needed to confirm that Situ Bagendit (SB) as a learning resource environment. Therefore, this study identifies plankton biodiversity in freshwater ecosystem. Research to evaluate the feasibility of biodiversity and SB performed with quantitative descriptive method. It consisted of four phases: (a) study composition of the plankton in SB- (b) measurement of chemical and water physics analysis of SB- (c) preparation of learning media based on research- and (d) identification of plankton. The feasibility study included the access, cost, safety, environment and integrated concept study object under investigation in supporting learning. The observed parameters were composition of the plankton population, analytical chemistry, and physics of water. The results of this study indicated that the total amount of plankton observed in SB are 44 types consisting of 25 species of phytoplankton and 19 species of zooplankton. This finding confirms that SB may contribute to strengthen and enrich the learning process Freshwater Biology resource materials. Freshwater ecosystem is good natural laboratorium for learning environmental biology. Keywords: Learning resource, plankton composition, Situ Bagendit, water quality Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Hertien Koosbandiah Surtikanti)

4	Biology	ABS-74
THE ROLE AND DYNAMICS OF FUNGI POPULATION AS A REMEDIATOR IN USED MOTOR VIHICLE OIL BIODEGRADATION Wahyu Surakusumah, Peristiwati, Khoirunnisa Dwi Lestari Biology Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Abstract Hydrocarbon compounds contained in used motor vehicle oil waste are hazardous wastes. This study aims to determine the ability of fungal isolates to degrade hydrocarbon compounds in motor vehicle oil waste. The fungi used in this study consisted of 3 genus of fungi namely Aspergillus, Penicillium and Trichoderma. The fungal culture used in the biodegradation process consisted of a single culture and a consortium culture. The research method consisted of measuring the fungal population using the method of counting the number of molds and analyzing the content of hydrocarbon compounds with GC-MS (Gass Chromatography-Mass Spectophotometry). The results showed that there was fungal growth in the single culture and the consortium culture in the media added by 10% of used motor vehicle oil waste. GCMS results show that there is a change in the composition of motor vehicle oil waste from complex hydrocarbon compounds to simpler hydrocarbon compounds. Keywords: Used motor vehicle oil waste, Biodegradation, Fungi Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Wahyu Surakusumah)

5	Biology	ABS-108
Etnobotany study of Coix lacryma-jobi L in Kampung Cekdam, Sukabumi, West Java Kusdianti, Tina Safaria Nilawati, Siti Nurhalimah Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Abstract Hanjeli (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) is a plant originating from East Asia, including Indonesia. In Indonesia, Hanjeli are scattered in various agricultural land ecosystems ranging from dry land to wet land. The use of hanjeli in Indonesia is still limited only as a food ingredient and traditional medicine in very small quantities. This study reveals the traditional use and management of Hanjeli by the community. The observation location is in Kampung Cekdam, Sukabumi, West Java. The data collection technique was done by semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data obtained by using the important value approach method or Use Value (UVs). Hanjeli cultivated in Kampung Cekdam is used as food, medicine, firewood, animal feed and accessories. The highest UVs value is Hanjeli sticky rice (1.70) this is related to many uses by the community. Hanjeli is grown in monoculture or intercropping. Processing starts from seed selection, planting and maintenance. The plants are harvested at the age of 5-7 months and dried in the sun. Keywords: ethnobotany, Coix lacryma-jobi L, Kampung Cekdam, Sukabumi Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Tina Safaria Nilawati)

6	Biology	ABS-124
In Silico Study of the Interaction of Taurocholic Acid from Eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) with Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 Putu Chandra Swandewi1, b), Hernawati1, c), Trina Ekawati Tallei2, d), and Diah Kusumawaty1, a)* 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung 40154, Indonesia 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95115, Indonesia *Corresponding author: diah.kusumawaty[at]upi.edu Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prompted many researchers to explore a cure for COVID-19. Among these efforts is the investigation of natural ingredients derived from animals as potential sources of new drugs. This study aims to evaluate the potential of taurocholic acid (TA) derived from eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) in binding to Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) using molecular docking analysis. This study reveals that the binding free energy of TA to ACE2 was -6.3 kcal/mol. Molecular interactions occur through hydrogen bonding of TA with two amino acids on the active site of ACE2. Further research is needed to determine the dynamic interaction of the binding of TA to ACE2. The findings of this study can be used as a starting point for using eel secondary metabolites to treat COVID-19. Keywords: ACE2, Anguilla bicolor bicolor, molecular docking, taurocholic acid Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Putu Chandra Swandewi)

7	Biology	ABS-145
THE EFFECT OF KECOMBRANG FLOWER (Etlingera elatior) EXTRACT ON MALE MICE (Mus musculus) SPERM QUALITY INDUCED BY CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE Hernawati, Didik Priyandoko, Frizka Ayuningtyas UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA Abstract Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) is one of the plants from Zingiberaceae family that widespread in Indonesia. Mostly people used this plant as a food and medicinal materials, this is because kecombrang contains antioxidants which is can protect body from free radicals. Cyclophosphamide is an immunosuppresive anti-cancer drug, but it has side effects in the form of toxicity in several organs, including the reproductive organs. This study purpose was to analyze the effect of kecombrang flowers extract on mices testicular weight and sperm quality which include sperm count and sperm abnormalities. Method that used in this study was a complete randomized series using 36 male mice which were divided into six groups (negative control, positive control, 5 mg/kg body weight, 10 mg/kg BW, 15 mg/kg BW and 20 mg/kg BW). Mices were acclimatized and then induced with cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg body weight, then treated with kecombrang flower extract for 14 days using gavage needles. Statictical analysis using One-Way ANOVA test. The results showed that the most stable dose to keep sperm quality is 15 mg/kg body weight. This study shows that kecombrang flower extract can affect sperm quality, in this study is fix sperm quality and reduce the side effect of cyclophosphamid on reproductive system. Keywords: Etlingera elatior, sperm quality, male mice, cyclophosphamide Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Hernawati -)

8	Biology	ABS-166
Pericarpium of Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Extract as a Leucocyte Colouring Agent on White Blood Cell Count Examination Haidir Syafrullah (a*), Anita Oktari (b), Umaiya Arifni (b) a) Medical School of Dharma Husada, Bandung, Indonesia *haidirsyafrullah[at]yahoo.com b) Department of Medical Analyst, School of Analyst Bakti Asih, Bandung, Indonesia Abstract Anthocyanin as a natural red colouring agent can be yielded by extracting of pericarpium of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus). The extraction of anthocyanin can be used as a colouring agent on white blood cell count extramination replacing gentian violet due to a chemical agent that are unbiodegradable , skin and eye iritation. The purpose of reseach is to determinate some good concentrations of natural red dye that yielded from 5 extractions namely 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15% with adding glacial acid for leucocyte colouring on white blood cell examination. The result of reseach data showed some good concentrations of anthocyanin to produce colour contras for colouring leucocyte on white blood cells count examinations are : 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15% based on statistical data in this reseach used one way Anova and Mann Whitney test. The conclusion of the reseach is antociyanin as natural red colouring agent from H. polyrhizus can replace gentian violet as a colouring agent in white blood cell count examination. For further reseach is recommended to make selection the best concentration for leucocyte colouring on white blood cell examination and used other plant extracts that contain anthocyanin as a natural colouring agent. Keywords: Anthocyanin, Pericarpium of Red Dragon Fruit, Leucocyte Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Haidir Syafrullah)

9	Biology	ABS-224
Optimization of Crude Extract Cellulase Enzym Production by Cellulolytic Bacteria Isolates R3-1 From Termite Gastrointestinal Cryptotermes Sp. Using Rice Straw Substrate (Oryza Sativa, Linn.) Peristiwati*, Y. Sanjaya, and W. Nur Septiani Department of Biology Education, Indonesia University of Education, Bandung, Indonesia Abstract Optimization of Crude Extract Cellulase Enzyme Production by Cellulolytic Bacteria Isolates R3-1 From Termite Gastrointestinal Cryptotermes Sp. Using Rice Straw Substrate (Oryza Sativa, Linn.) Peristiwati*, Y. Sanjaya, and W. Nur Septiani Department of Biology Education, Indonesia University of Education, Bandung, Indonesia *Corresponding author^s e-mail: peristiwatidj@upi.edu Abstract. Cellulase enzymes in various industries increase by 7% every year and occupy important positions in multiple industries. Therefore, increased production is expected to meet cellulase enzymes^ needs and optimum conditions for its production. Rice straw waste is organic waste that can be a substrate in the cellulase enzyme production process. In addition to the substrate, the production process also requires cellulolytic microorganisms that can be found in the digestive tract of termites, especially in wood termites (Cryptotermes sp.). This study aims to determine the optimum temperature and pH for the production of cellulase enzymes and see the effect of cell biomass on enzyme activity. A preliminary study is needed to identify cellulolytic bacteria isolated using Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a selective media with clear zone indicators formed around the colony. Cell biomass was obtained from absorbance values during fermentation, and cellulase enzyme activity was measured using the DNS method. Production optimization is carried out by a factorial pattern with two factors, namely temperature (36.5oC and 37.5oC) and pH (6.5 and 7.5). The incubation time used was (0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours). The results of the preliminary study found that isolate R3-1 was Achromobacter sp. Production optimization test shows that the highest activity value occurs at 37.5oC and pH 7.5 at 72 hours with an activity value of 35.606 U/mL. At the same time, the highest value of cell biomass occurred at 36.5 oC and pH 7.5 at 24 hours, with an absorbance value of 2.980 nm and an enzyme activity Keywords: Cellulase, Cryptotermes Sp, Isolates R3-1. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (PERISTIWATI DJUARSA)

10	Biology Education	ABS-44
Analysis of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Prospective Biology Teachers in Distance Learning Mega Elvianasti, Muthia Rahmadani, Mayarni, Husnin Nahry Yarza Biology Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. Hamka Abstract This study aims to determine the TPACK ability possessed by prospective biology teachers in distance learning through three main aspects, namely Technological Knowledge (TK), Pedagogical Knowledge (PK), and Content Knowledge (CK). The research method used is descriptive qualitative method. Research subjects were determined using purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through TK, CK, and PK observation sheets, distance learning videos for prospective biology teachers, lesson plans assessment sheets, and documentation. The results of data analysis show that the TK ability of prospective biology teachers is in good criteria with a percentage of 80%, the PK ability of prospective biology teachers is in good criteria with a percentage of 77.27%, and CK abilities of prospective teachers are in good criteria with a percentage of 80.94%. So, it can be concluded that the three aspects of TPACK for prospective biology teachers are in good criteria, where the highest interpretation is on the ability of Kindergarten, and the lowest interpretation is on the ability of PK. Keywords: TPACK- Prospective Biology Teacher- Distance Learning Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Mega Elvianasti)

11	Biology Education	ABS-93
The Integration of Chunking Information and Thinking In Maps to Control Cognitive Load and its effect on University Students^ Level Of Thinking in Human Embryology Material during Online Learning S.Sukma Putri (a*) , A. Rahmat (b), D. Priyandoko (b) a) Indonesia University of Education, Jalan Dr. Setiabudi 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia. *sekuniv_upi[at]upi.edu b) Faculty of Mathematics and Science Education, Jalan Dr. Setiabudi No. 229, Bandung 40154, West Java, Indonesia. *fpmipa[at]upi.edu Abstract This study was aimed to reveal students^ cognitive load control by using chunking information and thinking in maps strategies to improve their level of thinking in Human Embryology material concept. This study was a quantitative study using chunking information and thinking in maps learning strategy to 56 students of class 2017 in the even semester of Siliwangi State University. The instruments used were subjective rating scale questionnaire developed based on the indicators proposed by Klepsch et al- Klepsch & Seufert to measure the three cognitive loads of students and 15 multiple choice questions and 8 essay questions developed based on Marzano & Kendall indicators to measure students^ level of thinking. The result of mean difference test from ICL and GCL components (p < 0.05) and ECL component (p > 0.05) showed high information processing ability, low mental effort with low reasoning ability. This indicated that cognitive load could not be controlled. The result of the level of thinking revealed that students could achieve L1, L2, L4, L5, and L6 with a minimum standard score of 70. This signified that the higher expected student^s level of thinking, the lower the score achieved. In addition, the correlation result showed that there was no significant relationship between cognitive and level of thinking (r = 0.075- p = 0.497 > = 0.001) with low concept complexity. This implied that the higher the level of thinking achieved by students in the experimental group, the more difficult to control the cognitive load both in experiment and control group. In conclusion, chunking information and thinking in maps strategies could facilitate a significant relationship between information processing ability (ICL) and reasoning ability (GCL). Although the three cognitive loads cannot be controlled optimally, the result of the students^ level of thinking was relatively high in Human Embryology material. Keywords: chunking information and thinking in maps- cognitive load- human embryology- level of thinking. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Silvia Sukma Putri)

12	Biology Education	ABS-152
Development Of Student Worksheet Based On Discovery Learning To Improve Students Understanding Of The Concept Of Environmental Pollution at 7th-Grade Junior High School. Kurnia Ningsih (a*), Anisyah Yuniarti and Afandi a) Biology Education, FKIP, Tanjungpura University Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi 78124 Pontianak Indonesia *kurnia.ningsih[at]fkip.untan.ac.id Abstract The Student Worksheet is one of the essential teaching materials in learning. The Student Worksheet will make it easier for educators to facilitate students in building and developing concepts, attitudes, and skills. However, so far, educators have only used Student Worksheets in the textbook without any development. Ideally, educators should analyze Student Worksheets to develop so that Student Worksheets fit the needs of students. This development research aims to produce Student Worksheets Based on Discovery Learning to improve students^ understanding of the concept of Environmental Pollution at 7th-grade junior high school. This study uses the Design and Development (DnD) method with a 4D development model (Four D Model) from Thiagarajan, Dorothy S. Semmel, and Melvyn I. Semmel, which has four stages: Definition, Design, and Development. Develop), and Disseminate. However, this research only reached the Development stage (Develop) because of the situation and conditions that did not allow for the Disseminate stage. Validation was carried out by two experts, namely material experts and media or design experts. The results of material validation and media validation obtained an assessment in the appropriate category. So that the Student Worksheet is declared feasible and ready to be used as teaching material. Keywords: Student Worksheet- Discovery Learning- Environmental Pollution Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Kurnia Ningsih)

13	Biology Education	ABS-160
Development of Mini Research-Based Learning Document to Facilitate the Research Skills of Students Eliya Mei Sisri (a*), Hertien Koosbandiah Surtikanti (b),Rini Solihat(b) Prodi Pendidikan Pasca Biologi, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Setia Budhi No. 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia Abstract The purpose of this research is to develop a valid mini research-based learning documents (Inquiry Small Research). This research uses the development method with reference to the ADDIE development model. The participants were teachers and high school students. This research used purposive sampling technique. Learning documents consist of lesson plans, worksheets, and research skills test instruments. Data collection technique consisted questionnaires, validation sheets, and trying out research skills questions. The data were analyzed with descriptive quantitative method. The mean of the assessment of the lesson plans (RPP) are 4.5, and the student worksheet (LKS) is 4.4, these results indicate very valid criteria. Validity and reliability tests of the questions were tested using SPSS 23- it shows that the test items are valid and reliable, while the results of the discrimination power test and level of difficulty were tested using the ANATES V4 show good test items and can be used as a data collection tool. Based on the results of calculation, it shows that the mini research-based learning documents and research skills test instruments can be used as alternative learning documents to facilitate the research skills of high school students. Keywords: Development of learning tools, mini-research, research skills Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Eliya Mei Sisri)

14	Biology Education	ABS-172
High School Biology Teacher Perception Toward Citizen Science Nissa Rachmawati (a*), Topik Hidayat (b) a) Master Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Mathematic and Science Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Setiabudi, No. 299, Bandung, West Java, 40154, Indonesia *nissa.rachmawati[at]upi.edu b) Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Mathematic and Science Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Setiabudi No.229, Bandung, West Java, 40154, Indonesia Abstract The potential application of Citizen Science as a community participation activity in a scientific project especially in the formal education sector is starting to be in great demand. However, in Indonesia, the term Citizen Science itself is still not widely known by the public, including teachers. Whereas teachers can act as coordinators to coordinate students in Citizen Science activities so that teachers can help students as the younger generation to become active and more sensitive to the environment. This study is a descriptive study that aims to describe and analyze the results of high school Biology teachers perceptions of Citizen Science. The method used is a survey method with questionnaires and interviews as tools for collecting research data. A total of 54 high school Biology teacher respondents from various regions in Indonesia participated in this study. The results show that 50.9% of high school Biology teachers do not know the term Citizen Science and 54.7% of teachers think that their students do not have the skills to conduct scientific research. However, 88.7% of high school Biology teachers are interested in applying Citizen Science in the shortly Biology class. This research is expected to contribute to the development of Citizen Science within the scope of formal education, especially at the high school level. Keywords: Citizen Science- High School Biology Teachers Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Nissa Rachmawati)

15	Biology Education	ABS-228
Analysis of Student Reflection Thinking Skills in Invertebrate Zoology Lectures Mivtha Citraningrum (a), Yayan Sanjaya (b), Fransisca Sudargo(c), Riandi (d) a) Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi, Universitas Pendidikan Muhammadiyah, Jl. Ahmad Dahlan No.01, Mariyat Pantai, Aimas, Kabupaten Sorong, Papua 98418, Indonesia, Telp. 0811-4831-212, email: info[at]unimudasorong.ac.id b) Program Studi Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Setiabudi 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia, Telp. 022-2013163, Fax. 022-2013651, Email: ipa_sps[at]upi.edu Abstract Abstract. The purpose of this study was to analyze the reflective thinking skills of prospective teacher students in invertebrate zoology lectures. The research method used is a case study. The instruments in this research are observation sheets, analysis of assignments used in lectures, questionnaires about student responses to lecture activities. The results of research in zoology lectures only focus on concepts or theories and do not provide skills for reflective thinking. This means that zoology lectures have not shown a balanced provision of mastery of concepts and reflective thinking skills. Keywords: Prospective biology teacher, reflective thinking skills, invertebrate zoology lectures. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Mivtha Citraningrum)

16	Biology Education	ABS-239
Analysis of Student High Order Thinking Skill on General Biology Course in Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty of Medan State University Corry Sepvia Br Pasaribu(a), Herbert Sipahutar(b), Tumiur Gultom(b) Biology Education Postgraduate, Universitas Negeri Medan, corrysepviabilbio[at]gmail.com(a), Biology Education Postgraduate, Universitas Negeri Medan (b) Abstract The aim of this study is to find out the level of student high order thinking skill (HOTS) on general biology course in Mathematic and Natural Science Faculty of Medan State University. This research belongs to ex post facto research (non-experimental design) with 440 total population. The purposive sampling is used to take 141 students who came from 6 class such as biology bilingual, chemistry bilingual, natural science bilingual, biology C regular, chemistry D regular and natural science B regular. Samples were tested by using HOTS instrument. The instrument consists of 30 high order thinking question totally (C4, C5 and C6 bloom taxonomy hierarchy) about reproduction, diversity and nutrition. The data shows that the level of student HOTS is minimally skilled with mean score 36.31 and standard deviation 13.08. ANOVA test is used to find the significant difference of HOTS mean score between group sample. It is found the sig.value is 0.163 (Sig. value > 0.05), so the HOTS mean score between groups is same significantly. Keywords: HOTS, mean, general biology Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (CORRY SEPVIA BR PASARIBU)

17	Biology Education	ABS-251
DEVELOPMENT OF ESD-BASED TARO DIVERSITY E-ENCYCLOPEDIA IN BOGOR REGENCY TO IMPROVE STUDENTS^ DIGITAL LITERACY Yulia Nur Azizah, Suci Siti Lathifah, Nandang Hidayat Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi FKIP UNPAK Abstract This study aims to develop e-encyclopedia teaching materials for taro diversity in Bogor Regency to improve students^ digital literacy. This study is a study of Research and Development with the ADDIE model (Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) which was carried out from January to July 2021. The population and sample in this study were students of SMAN 4 Bogor class X MIPA 3 the academic year 2020/ 2021 as many as 35 students. Field trials were only carried out on a limited basis using a one-group posttest only design. The instruments used in this study consisted of expert validation sheets, digital literacy questionnaire instruments, and teacher and student response questionnaires to the e-encyclopedia. The data analysis technique consists of an analysis of the feasibility of teaching materials and an analysis of the assessment of students^ digital literacy. The results showed that the e-encyclopedia that was developed was feasible to be used as a supplement for teaching materials in class X MIPA 3 in learning based on the average value of material expert validation of 85.41% and the average value of media validation of 84.57% with the criteria very worthy. E-encyclopedia teaching materials are effective in increasing the digital literacy of students in class X MIPA 3. This is evidenced by the results of the posttest in the form of a questionnaire given by students with a percentage of 81.05% with a very high category. Based on teacher and student questionnaires, it is 92.30%, and getting an assessment from the results of student questionnaires is 89.63%. Keywords: Electronic encyclopedia, Diversity of taro, Bogor Regency, Digital literacy. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (suci siti lathifah)

18	Chemistry	ABS-21
Quantum Mechanical Studies and Molecular Modeling of Lignin Monolignols as Low Carbon Steel Inhibitors in Sulfuric Acid Media Yahmin Yahmin (a*), Siti Khoirunnisa (b), Indra Setiawan (b), Nadia Erlina Mayangsari (b), Nurul Ahsani Alfiah (b) a) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang Jalan Semarang 5 Malang 15145, Indonesia *yahmin2013[at]gmail.com b) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang Jalan Semarang 5 Malang 15145, Indonesia Abstract Computational quantum mechanics research and organic molecular modeling can provide information about the characteristics of organic compounds and the adsorption mechanism of corrosion inhibitors. Lignin extracts from various plant parts were reported to act as corrosion inhibitors and have reduced the corrosion rate (2.51-15.26%) in steel. The aims of this study were (1) to predict the molecular structure of protonated lignin using density functional theory- (2) predict and study the reactivity of lignin species and the interfacial adsorption properties of low carbon steels- and (3) investigated the interaction of neutral and protonated lignin compounds with atoms in H2SO4. Research conducted using this type of computational research. The research design stages were carried out: (1) calculation of the molecular structure optimization of monolignol lignin monomers (p-caumaryl-, coniferyl-, and sinapyl alcohol) as neutral and protonated inhibitor species, and (2) modeling of corrosion inhibitor molecules adsorbed on the surface of low carbon steel in H2SO4 medium. The predicted result of the protonated structure shows the tendency of the H+ proton bounded to the O-phenolic and O-methoxy atom. The lignin monolignol molecule with the adsorbed sulfate ion results in physisorption interactions, while the chemisorption interaction of lignin species occurs through the transfer of heteroatom electrons and the heterocyclic π ring from the inhibitor to the empty d-orbital of Fe in sulfuric acid. Based on the quantum mechanics calculations results, p-coumaryl alcohol molecule has the highest inhibition efficiency value of 23.41%. The results of the MC calculation, enthalpy of inhibitor-Fe 19,673 kcal/mol. While acid-Fe -126,082 kcal/mol shows the function of acid as an adsorption medium is stronger than ionizing Fe. Based on calculation of DFT/B3LYP 6-31G(d,p) the adsorption of p-coumaryl alcohol in H2SO4 has the highest inhibition efficiency with a bond energy of 78,5 kJ/mol. Keywords: computation, corrosion inhibitor, density functional theory, monolignol lignin, low carbon steel. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Siti Khoirunnisa)

19	Chemistry	ABS-25
Rare plants inference ability of biology education students Sariwulan Diana Departemen Pendidikan Biologi FPMIPA UPI Abstract The aim of the study is to reveal inference ability of Biology Education students about rare plants at Djuanda Forest park Bandung. This study is descriptive research. The research instrument includes a mini research assessment sheet, which includes aspects of the categorization of the rarity of the observed plant species, description of morphology, classification, benefits of plants, conservation efforts, physiological aspects and their documentation. Biology Education students are assigned to survey, take inventory and observe and inference rare plants in the Djuanda Forest Park, by observing themselves, interviewing and studying literature. Overall, students^ ability to infer rare plants are good, but the ability that needs to be improved is in citing literature sources. Most of the rare plants observed by the students are least concern status- the endangered plant that was observed is Dipterocarpus retusus, while the vulnerable plants are Hopea odorata and Khaya anthotheca. These results may be due to the limited ability of the students to cite literature and also the change in the rarity status of the observed plants. The results of this study are expected to increase the awareness of citizens, in this case Biology students, to the preservation of rare plants through lecture assignments. Keywords: Rare plant inference, mini research, plant biology Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Sariwulan Diana)

20	Chemistry	ABS-78
Synthesis of Ethyl Acetoacetate from Ethyl Acetate Using Sodium Ethoxide as a Catalyst A Kadarohman1,*, AH Salim1, RE Sardjono1, A Pratiwi1, and LL Khumaisah2 1 Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Science Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229 Bandung 40154, Indonesia 2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sukabumi, Jalan R. Syamsudin, S.H. No. 50 Sukabumi 43113 Indonesia Abstract Ethyl acetoacetate is a perfume compound with the smell fresh floral fruity green. Ethyl acetoacetate can be synthesized from ethyl acetate by the Claisen condensation reaction. This study aims to determine the optimum conditions for the synthesis of ethyl acetoacetate from ethyl acetate with sodium ethoxide as a catalyst. Ethyl acetoacetate synthesis was carried out using the reflux method. Synthesis of ethyl acetoacetate using 0.2 mole of ethyl acetate. The study was conducted with variations in temperature at 78 oC, 80 oC, and 82 oC- variation of ethanol 0.05 mole, 0.1 mole, and 0.15 mole- variations of sodium metal 0.05 mole, 0.1 mole, and 0.15 mole- as well as variations of reaction time 0.5 hours- 1 hour- 1.5 hours- 2 hours- 2.5 hours- 3 hours- 3.5 hours and 4 hours. The reaction products were analyzed using GC and GC-MS. The optimum conditions for the ethyl acetoacetate synthesis reaction were found at a temperature of 82 oC, the ratio of ethyl acetate to ethanol was 2:1, the amount of sodium metal was 0.1 mol and the reaction time for 2 hours with ethyl acetoacetate produced was 91.55%. Keywords: Ethyl Acetoacetate, Ethyl Acetate, Claisen Condensation, Sodium Ethoxide Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Asep Kadarohman)

21	Chemistry	ABS-79
Environmental Study of the Potentially Harmful Elements (PHEs) in Talaga Bodas Geothermal Field, Indonesia Anita Yuliyanti1, a), Iwan Setiawan1, b), Haryadi Permana1, c), Heri Nurohman1, d), Andrie Al Kausar1, e), Lediyantje Lintjewas1, f), Jakah1, g) 1Research Center for Geotechnology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung a) ayuliyanti[at]gmail.com, anita.yuliyanti[at]brin.go.id Abstract This study aimed to determine the regional geochemical background of volcanic rocks from several geothermal prospect areas in Java Island and evaluate the Potentially Hazardous Elements (PHEs) status of Talaga Bodas Geothermal Field area. This study adopts an integrated (indirect) method of the 2-sigma iterative technique for geochemical background determination and the Enrichment Factor (EF) method for PHEs^ enrichment evaluation. The results showed that volcanic rocks in the studied area enriched with arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), and stibium/antimony (Sb) compared to the geochemical background values. Other elements to be mindful of are mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) that the concentrations are more significant than the threshold references. Geothermal and volcanic fields are susceptible to soil and water contamination from geogenic contaminants. The hydrothermal activity increases trace element mobility. Chemical weathering makes it easier to release heavy metals and other toxic elements into the environment. This research is expected to have an impact on increasing awareness and opening up more studies that strengthen the need for policies related to soil quality standards as a more suitable reference for evaluating soil quality in Indonesia. Keywords: trace elements, volcanic rock, geothermal, Talagabodas, Java Island Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Anita Yuliyanti)

22	Chemistry	ABS-104
The Potential of Purple Sweet Potato and Rosella Flower Extract as a Health Drink Ai Mahmudatussa^adah1,a), Atat Siti Nurani1,b), Karpin1,c), Ade Juwaedah1,d), Rita Patriasih1,e) 1Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Abstract One of the problems in Indonesia today is health problems such as poor nutrition, anemia, and infectious diseases are still being found. The human body naturally has a self-defense system (immune) to ward off various kinds of microorganisms or ward off free radical components produced by the environment or as a result of the body^s metabolic processes. The immune system can be strengthened by consuming functional drinks. Purple sweet potato juice (PSPJ) is a by-product of the manufacture of purple sweet potato starch. Peroxidase enzyme which can cause browning of purple sweet potato (PSP), is inactive at acidic pH. Roselle flower essence (RFE) is a dye produced by extracting rosella flowers with water. The purpose of this study was to analyze the potential of PSPJ and RFE as functional drinks. The method used is an experimental method with a completely randomized design. The steps carried out in this study were an inventory of purple sweet potato and roselle flower varieties, purple sweet potato extraction and roselle flower extraction using water, measuring pH, analysis of antioxidant activity using the DPPH method, and vitamin C analysis using the DPPH method. volumetric. The sweet potatoes used are Ayamurasaki varieties and the rosella flowers used are red rosella flowers and purple rosella flowers. The results showed that PSPJ had a pH of 5.51, antioxidant activity of 657.80 ppm, and vitamin C of 13.38 mg per 100 g of sample. Purple rosella flower extract (PRFE) has a very acidic pH of around 1.42, antioxidant activity (IC50) of 625.66 ppm, and a vitamin C content of 10.57 mg per 100 g of sample. Red rosella flower extract (RRFE) has a very acidic pH of about 1.27, antioxidant activity (IC50) of 637.69 ppm, and a vitamin C content of 20.90 mg per 100 g sample. Very high pH for rosella flower extract, for some people it is not preferred. PSPJ^s anthocyanins have a lower pH, are heat resistant due to acylated anthocyanins, and have high antioxidant activity. PSPJ, Keywords: Antioxidants, Functional Drinks, Purple Sweet Potato Juice, Rosella Juice Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Ai Mahmudatussaadah)

23	Chemistry	ABS-112
Tri-Ethyl-Ammonium- and Benzyl-Tri-Ethyl-Amonium-Tetraphenyl-Borate Ionic Liquids as Anti-Fungal towards Aspergillus Niger: Activity Study and Its Molecular Mechanisms Ahmad Mudzakir, Heli Siti Halimatul M. and Tsabbit Aidil Aziz Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Abstract This study aimed to study the activity of triethylammonium-tetraphenylborate (TEA-TPhB) and benzyl-triethylammonium-tetraphenylborate (BTEA-TPhB) ionic liquids as antifungals towards Aspergillus Niger and their molecular interactions to the enzyme of lanosterol 14-α-demethylase. The research was carried out includes antifungal sensitivity test and simulation of molecular docking (docking). The antifungal sensitivity test was carried out at various concentrations of 10, 30, 50, and 100 ppm. In the molecular anchoring test, protein preparation was carried out from the protein data bank (PDB, Protein Data Bank) for the 14-α-demethylase enzyme with format (.pdb), determination of the active site on the protein, preparation of sample ligands with known structure in (.pdb) format, and the simulation of protein interactions with ligands using Autodock Tools-1.5.6 software. The fungal sensitivity test showed an increase in the zone of inhibition of bacterial growth along with the addition of the BTEA-TPhB ionic liquid concentration, namely 8.10 mm (10 ppm), 9.05 mm (30 ppm), 14.60 mm (50 ppm) and 16, 50 mm (100 ppm). The same inhibition was observed in TEA-TPhB, namely 15.20 mm (10 ppm), 24.90 mm (30 ppm), 29.50 mm (50 ppm) and 31.30 mm (100 ppm). Both results showed that the antifungal activity increased with increasing concentration of ionic liquids, but TEA-TPhB samples showed higher antifungal activity than BTEA-TPhB for the same concentration. The results of the molecular docking test showed an interaction between the ionic liquids and the enzyme lanosterol 14-α-demethylase with a binding affinity of -6.0 kcal/mol for the BTEA-TPhB sample and -10.4 kcal/mol for the TEA-TPhB sample. Visualization using VMD software showed that the bond length of the interaction between the ionic liquid and the heme site of the enzyme lanosterol 14-α-demethylase was 9.86 (BTEA-TPhB sample) and 2.86 (TEA-TPhB sample). The simulations showed that the binding affinity of TEA-TPhB to the enz Keywords: ionic liquid, triethylammonium-tetraphenylborate, benzyl-triethylammonium-tetraphenylborate, antifungal aspergillus niger, docking study Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Ahmad Mudzakir)

24	Chemistry	ABS-202
In Silico Molecular Docking of Active Peptides from Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Skin Collagen with enzyme involved in Type-2 diabetes mellitus Heli Siti Halimatul Munawaroh1*, Gun Gun Gumilar1, Jerlita Dea Berliana1, Siti Aisyah1, Andriati Ningrum2, Eko Susanto3 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Abstract This study aims to evaluate the potential of active peptides from tilapia skin collagen (Oreochromis niloticus) as a candidate for type-2 antidiabetic based on molecular docking. Active peptides were obtained through in silico enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen using BIOPEP. The potency of target compounds was compared with acarbose, linagliptin, and polydatin. In silico collagen hydrolysis generates thirteen (13) active peptides that were non-toxic, non-allergenic, bitter-taste, salty, and undetectable-taste. All active peptides interact with α-amylase, α-glucosidase, DPP-IV, and G6PD through hydrogen bonds, van der Waals, hydrophobic, electrostatic, pi-sulfur, and unfavorable interactions. The binding affinity of WF, WY, and VW peptides with α-amylase were 1.7- 1.6- and 0.8 kcal/mole higher than those of acarbose. The α-glucosidase complex with WF, WY, VW, AF, SF, TF, VF, WG, PPG, RM, PG, PM, and MG was higher than that of acarbose with energy differences of 2.7- 2.6- 2.2- 2.1- 2- 1.9- 1.8- 1.8- 1.7- 1,2- 1- 0.8- and 0.2 kcal/mole, respectively. All active peptides inhibit the two of enzymes competitively. All in all, it can be concluded that the active peptides from tilapia skin collagen have the potential to be used as antidiabetic type-2 candidates. Keywords: active peptides, antidiabetic, inhibitor, nile tilapia, molecular docking Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Heli Siti Halimatul Munawaroh)

25	Chemistry	ABS-216
Adsorption DEHP Using PAN/GO-Fe3O4 Composite Material Marifatussolihat, Siti Oryza Sativa, Muhammad Yudhistira Azis Analytical Chemistry Research Division, 3rd Floor Chemistry New Building Department of Chemistry FMIPA ITB Abstract DEHP (di-( 2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is a plasticizer that is widely used as an additive added to polymers such as in food and beverage packaging products, beauty, household appliances, as well as medical equipment. DEHP waste in waters can pose a risk of hepatomegaly and tests toxicity. The method that has been used to remove DEHP is the Rotating Biological Contractor but the disadvantage is that the operation and maintenance process is difficult. Adsorption can be an alternative in the removal of DEHP because the process is simple. PAN (polyacrylonitrile) has been widely used to remove organic contaminants in water. Modification by using GO-Fe3O4 can improve the physical properties and chemical stability of PAN. In this study the composite material synthesized from polyacrylonitrile modified GO-Fe3O4 in dimethylformamide solvent has been carried out by the casting method, characterizing it and evaluating the performance parameters of the adsorp si by determining the optimum conditions for adsorption of DEHP. FTIR characterization results obtained dominant peaks at 530-570 cm-1, 2244 cm-1 and 3464-3579 cm-1 indicating the presence of Fe-O bonds, CN groups and OH groups. Surface morphology and cross-section were evaluated using SEM-EDS. The optimum conditions for DEHP adsorption occurred at a contact time of 90 minutes, the mass of the PAN/GO-Fe3O4 material was 0.08 grams, the temperature was 25&deg-C and the initial concentration of the analyte was 300 ppm. The results of the study of adsorption kinetics found that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-first order. The results of the adsorption isotherm study showed that the adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption process was exothermic with an exothermic entalphy value -63,122 kJ/mol Keywords: adsorption, adsorption performance, di-(2-etilheksil) ftalat (DEHP), PAN/GO-Fe3O4 Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Muhammad Yudhistira Azis)

26	Chemistry	ABS-232
Profile of Phenolics and Non-Protein Amino Acids of Canavalia ensiformis Siti Aisyah, Asri Ardiantika, Rita Chintia Dewi, Florentina Maria Titin Supriyanti, Heli Siti H. Munawaroh, Soja Siti fatimah Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Abstract Legumes are known as protein rich food, however some of the species have not been used broadly, including jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis), due to the content of anti-nutrients compounds. The purpose of this study was to investigate profile of phenolics and non-protein amino acid in jack bean that were considered as anti-nutrients. The methods used include extraction of jack bean using methanol and analysis of phenolics and non-protein amino acid using UPLC-ESI-QTOF. The result showed that MeOH extract of the jack beans contain phenolic acid compounds, flavonoids, and non-protein amino acids, including canavanine. Canavanine is an amino acid that has similar structure to arginine, so that might interfere with the function of the protein. Keywords: Canavalia ensiformis, phenolics, non-protein amino acids, anti-nutrients, LCMS Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Siti Aisyah)

27	Chemistry	ABS-246
OPTIMIZATION OF THERMAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (EOR) WITH SURFACTANT INJECTION Astra A. Pramana, Prilly A. Ayudita, Dara A. Maharsi Petroleum Engineering Dept., Universitas Pertamina, Jakarta, Indonesia Abstract Indonesia has abundant amount of viscous of oil which need to be produced by decreasing the viscosity through thermal (steam) injection. This research is based on reservoir simulations using EOR thermal method, specifically steam flood with surfactant injection addition. The simulations were performed using three scenarios to get important parameters such as oil recovery factor (RF), oil rate, and steam oil ratio. The simulation was carried out using a reservoir engineering software. The first scenario was done by injecting water, while the second one was done by injecting steam. The third scenario was done by combination of both a 6 month injection of steam followed by surfactant injection. The first scenario only gave an RF of 3.8% while the second gave an RF of 46%. The most optimum result was found from the third scenario, which gives an RF of 68% with highest oil rate of 4000bbl / day. The reason behind the success of the third scenario is because of capability of surfactant in altering the reservoir rock^s wettability and decrease the interfacial tension between the hot less viscous oil and hot water. Keywords: Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery, Steam flood, Surfactant injection, Oil Recovery Factor, Steam Oil Ratio. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Astra Agus Pramana)

28	Chemistry	ABS-252
INVESTIGATING THE INDEPENDENCE OF PHARMACY STUDENTS IN BLENDED LEARNING Wati Sukmawati, Asep Kadarohman, Omay Sumarna, Wahyu Sopandi Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. HAMKA Abstract Keywords: Blended learning, Basic Chemistry, Independence, Pharmacy. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Wati Sukmawati)

29	Chemistry	ABS-253
Synthesis and Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystalline as Candidate of Drug Delivery System for Phycocyanin Heli Siti Halimatul Munawaroh, Budiman Anwar, Galuh Yuliani, Intan Cahaya Murni, Gun Gun Gumilar Study Program of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Abstract Phycocyanin (PC), the blue pigment of cyanobacteria Spirulina, is widely used as a blue natural colorant in food, beverages, and cosmetics. However, its utilization in the industry was limited due to its relatively pH labile properties. A suitable compound was required to prevent the bound protein of PC from degradation during the transport. Here, this study aims to synthesize and characterize the prospective compound for a candidate of drug delivery system (DDS). Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals (BCNC) can be used as DDS due to their remarkable properties, such as nanoparticle size, large surface area, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and availability. The BCNC was isolated from BC through acids hydrolysis process. The FTIR spectra revealed that BCNC has successfully isolated from bacterial cellulose (BC) and the hydrolysis reaction did not significantly alter the chemical composition of BC. The needle-like nanocrystals were observed by TEM with a particle diameter and average length of 25±10 and 626±172 nm, respectively. The higher crystallinity index of BCNC than those of BC indicated that the number of crystalline materials available abundantly in BCNC, which can be utilized for many applications. The PC sorption was developed to demonstrate the application of BCNC as DDS and found to be governed by the Langmuir isotherm model. These current results suggest that BCNC could be exploited as a candidate for the delivery system. Keywords: bacterial cellulose, drug-delivery system (DDS), nanocrytalline cellulose phycocyanin, Spirulina Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Heli Siti Halimatul Munawaroh)

30	Chemistry Education	ABS-28
The Prediction, Obsevation, and Explanation Ability of Class XI Students on Hydrocarbon Compounds Through Online Learning using G-Form Student Worksheet Nina Hasanah,1 Asep Kadarohman2 1SMA Negeri 2 Bandung Indonesia, 2Departemen Pendidikan Kimia FPMIPA UPI Indonesia Abstract Abstract: This study aims to determine the ability of students in predicting a phenomenon based on facts found in everyday life, learning video observation, and explaining the findings from the video observations. This research used a descriptive methode. The research sample consists of 101 11th graders majoring in natural science from 3 different class group in one public high school in Bandung. The learning prosess was carried out online using G-Form Student Worksheet. The research consists of three stages: First, students predict phenomena in the combustion prosess of wood, paper, and LPG- Second, student sobserve the video of carbon compounds combustion- and Third, students explain the findings of their observations. The data obtained were than analyzed qualitatively. We found that 87% of students were able to predict the phenomena during the combustion process of wood, paper, and LPG and only 47% of students could mention that the remaining charcoal is composed of carbon. At the observation stage, 69% of students could observe the formation of CO2 and H2O compounds as a result of carbon compounds combustion. However, during the explanation step, only 4% of students can mention the elements C and H as the main elements that make up carbon compounds and only 21% of students can conclude that not all compounds containing elements C and H are carbon compounds. Keywords: Education Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Nina Hasanah)

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